Chinese Cuisine

Traditional dim sum includes various types of steamed buns such as cha siu baau, dumplings and rice noodle rolls (cheong fun), which contain a range of ingredients, including beef, chicken, pork, prawns and vegetarian options. Many dim sum restaurants also offer plates of steamed green vegetables, roasted meats, congee porridge and other soups. Dessert dim sum is also available and many places offer the customary egg tart. Having a meal in a Chinese teahouse or a dim sum restaurant is known as yum cha (yam cha, 飲茶), literally "drinking tea", as tea is typically served with dim sum.

Dim sum can be cooked by steaming and frying, among other methods. The serving sizes are usually small and normally served as three or four pieces in one dish. It is customary to order family style, sharing dishes among all members of the dining party. Because of the small portions, people can try a wide variety of food.

Dim sum dishes can be ordered from a menu or sometimes the food is wheeled around on a trolley by servers. Traditionally, the cost of the meal is calculated based on the number, size, and sometimes color of the dishes left on the patron's table (more below). Some modern dim sum restaurants record the dishes on a bill at the table. Not only is this tidier, it also prevents patrons from cheating by concealing or stealing the plates. Servers in some restaurants use distinct stamps so that sales statistics for each server can be recorded.

Source: www.wikipedia.com

See also: loewy, table 8

Kinds of Pasta

Pasta comes in an astonishing variety of shapes, some of which are common throughout Italy, and some of which are limited to a particular region, or even town. There are also specialty shapes produced by individual pasta makers.

Taken as a whole, pasta can be divided into pasta di semola di grano duro, made from durum wheat flour, water, and a little salt, and pasta all'uovo, which is made from eggs, flour, and salt. Commercial pasta all'uovo is generally made with durum wheat flour, which gives it a firmer texture and means it won't go soft if it's overcooked slightly (all pasta will become flabby if seriously overcooked). Homemade pasta is, on the other hand, generally made with cake flour, which has less gluten. Therefore, the cooking time of home made pasta all'uovo is more critical; if you leave it in the water too long it will become flabby.

Commercially made pasta can be divided into several basic kinds:

Sheet Pasta: Used primarily in making baked dishes. Often but not always all'uovo, with eggs.

• Cannelloni, also known as manicotti, and a pepper-and-ricotta filling.

• Lasagna: Square or rectangular sheets of pasta, which are cooked, interlayered with other ingredients and baked. There are many many variations.

Strips: Fettuccine, Linguini, tagliatelle, and so on. The broader strips are generally used for thick-to-chunky sauces, whereas the thinner strips are also used for creamier, though never really liquid sauces. Most of these pastas are made with egg, and will say all'uovo on the package.

• Pappardelle Broad strips, and a chunky tomato-mackerel sauce for them.

• Reginette Wavy-edged half-inch wide strips of pasta samed after Princess Mafalda of Savoy, which work quite well with rich sauces, and a pheasant breast sauce, that can also be made with duck or Guinea hen.

• Tagliatelle Quarter-inch strips of pasta, and a tomato and chicken breast sauce.

• Tagliatelline or Fettuccine Fine (1/8 of an inch) strips, and a smoked salmon sauce for them.

• Tagliolini All'Uovo The finest of strips, and a creamy mascarpone sauce for them.

Source: www.italianfood.about.com

See also: ice cream, seafood, dim sum

Kind of Sushi

Inarizushi

Inarizushi (稲荷寿司, stuffed sushi) is a pouch of fried tofu filled with usually just sushi rice. It is named after the Shinto god Inari, who is believed to have a fondness for fried tofu. The pouch is normally fashioned as deep-fried tofu (油揚げ, abura age). Regional variations include pouches made of a thin omelette (帛紗寿司, fukusa-zushi or 茶巾寿司, chakin-zushi). It should not be confused with inari maki, which is a roll filled with flavored fried tofu. A very large version, sweeter than normal and often containing bits of carrot, is popular in Hawaii, where it is called "cone sushi."

Sukeroku

Sukeroku (助六, name of a man in Edo period) is the combination set of inarizushi and makizushi, which is served as a single-portion takeout style sushi-pack. In a famous Kabuki play Sukeroku, a good-looking man Sukeroku is the lover of an Oiran courtesan named Agemaki (揚巻, lit. fry for age and roll for maki). Age and maki which form her name correspond to fried tofu namely inari and makimono, respectively. One rumour of sukeroku-zushi is that takeout style packs of inarizushi and makizushi had served at performances of Sukeroku kabuki in Edo period. Sukeroku is a cheap sushi-pack and often vegetarian.

Chirashizushi

Nama-chirashi, or chirashizushi with raw ingredients

Chirashizushi (ちらし寿司, lit. scattered sushi) is a bowl of sushi rice with other ingredients mixed in (also refers to barazushi). It is commonly eaten in Japan because it is filling, fast and easy to make. Chirashizushi most often varies regionally because it is eaten annually as a part of the Doll Festival, celebrated only during March in Japan. The ingredients are often chef's choice. Edomae chirashizushi (Edo-style scattered sushi) is an uncooked ingredient that is arranged artfully on top of the sushi rice in a bowl. Gomokuzushi (Kansai-style sushi) are cooked or uncooked ingredients mixed in the body of rice in a bowl.

Source: www.wikipedia.com

See also: ramen, dim sum

Tofu

Tofu skin also known as dried beancurd, yuba or bean skim, is a Chinese and Japanese food product made from soybeans. During the boiling of soy milk, in an open shallow pan, a film or skin composed primarily of a soy protein–lipid complex forms on the liquid surface. The films are collected and dried into yellowish sheets known as tofu skin or soy milk skin. Because it is derived directly from soy milk, the name tofu skin is technically inaccurate.

Preparation

Tofu skin may be purchased in fresh or dried form. In the latter case, the tofu skin is rehydrated in water before use. It is often used to wrap dim sum.

Because of its slightly rubbery texture, tofu skin is also manufactured in bunched, folded and wrapped forms that are used as meat substitutes in vegetarian cuisine. Tofu skins can be wrapped and then folded against itself to make doù baō (Chinese: 豆包, literally "tofu package"). These are often fried to give it a firmer skin before being cooked further.

Source: www.wikipedia.com

See also: makanan, minuman

Pudak

Pudak adalah makanan/kue khas kota Gresik, Jawa Timur, Indonesia. Makanan ini terbuat dari bahan tepung beras, gula pasir/gula jawa dan santan kelapa yang dimasukan kemasan terbuat dari bahan yang disebut "ope" yaitu [ [pelepah daun pinang ]]. Pudak juga ada yang berbahan sagu dan disebut pudak sagu. Pada perkembangannya, ragam pudak tidak terbatas 3 rasa macam saja seperti sebelumnya : pudak putih (gula pasir), pudak merah (gula jawa) dan pudak sagu. Pada masa kini, oleh kreatifitas pembuat kue pudak untuk merebut pasar, maka ragam dan rasa pudakpun bertambah, diantaranya pudak pandan yang berwarna hijau dan harum karena campuran sari daun pandan. namun terkadang para pembuat pudak memilih menggunakan daun suji sebagai perwarna pengganti, mengingat warnanya yang lebih kuat hijaunya, sensasinya juga tak kalah dengan daun pandan. Disamping rasa yang khas, bentuk kemasan pudak tidak ada yang menyamai di antara jajanan manapun. Dari bahan yang sudah mulai langka, pembuatannya pun tidak sederhana. Pangkal pelepah daun pinang harus disamak lebih dahulu untuk memisahkan kulit luar dan kulit dalam. kulit bagian dalam inilah yang dimanfaatkan. Setelah dibersihkan dan dipotong-potong sesuai ukuran, kemudian dilipat dan dijahit dengan alur seperti huruf L tanpa sudut, sehingga sisi dan dasarnya tertutup dan membentuk ruang seperti gelas. Setelah adonan dituangkan, ujung kemasan yang terbuka dikuncupkan dan diikat. Baru dikukus

Kue pudak merupakan jajanan yang kaya kalori dan mengenyangkan. Disamping itu kue ini bisa bertahan selama 3 hari, bila diangin-anginkan. Konon kue ini dibuat sesuai kebutuhan masyarakat Gresik yang saat itu yang bermata pencaharian sebagai pedagang, yang cenderung bepergian jauh.

Apabila anda yang ingin mencicipi citarasanya, anda bisa mendapatkannya saat berkunjung ke kota Gresik. Di komplek wisata religius seperti Makam Sunan Giri dan Makam Syeh Maulana Malik Ibrahim, misalnya. Atau bila anda sempat bisa pula didapatkan di Pasar Kota Gresik, atau di toko-toko kue khas Gresik di sepanjang Jln. Sindujoyo. Disana akan lebih banyak jajanan khas Gresik, yang tak akan ditemukan di kota-kota lain.

Tapi seandainya anda tidak punya waktu karena tengah dalam perjalanan melewati kota Gresik,anda bisa berhenti sejenak di Jln. Veteran, di seberang Gedung Wisma Ahamad Yani]]berderet toko-toko kue yang menyediakan pudak yang tergantung dalam rangkaian-rangkaian yang masing-masing berisi lima biji kue. Tapi jangan lupa, mintalah yang paling baru/segar.

Namun bila anda memang tak pernah punya kesempatan, pesankan saja oleh-oleh dari teman anda yang akan datang dari kota Gresik. Bagus Cahyono mengucapkan Selamat berbelanja !

Kue khas Gresik lainnya : - Jubung, jenang ketan berwarna hitam dalam tabung Ope,dengan taburan biji wijen. - Ayas, jenang ketan warna-warni dalam bentuk potongan-potongan kecil, juga bertabur wijen. - Nasi Krawu, nasi punel dengan lauk olahan daging yang dicabik-cabik serta bumbu kelapa dan sambal yang sangat khas. - Dan banyak lagi yang lainya...,
sumber: wikipedia

Nikmati Juga:
steak
dim sum
seafood

Padu Padan Makanan

Alih Bahasa Oleh: Ratih

Pernahkah kamu makan pagi, siang malam dengan menu yang sama? Bisa jadi jawabannya pernah atau tidak pernah. Tanpa kita sadari, kita memilih makanan bukan hanya berdasarkan keinginan tapi juga berdasarkan kategori makanan. Penelitian mengenai makanan dan budaya mengkategorikan makanan menjadi beberapa bagian. Bukan hanya berdasarkan selera pribadi. Berikut kategori makanan menurut hasil penelitian di negara berkembang dan maju:

1. cultural superfoods: fungsi makanan ini untuk diet;

2. prestige foods: makanan berprotein tinggi, mahal atau unik;

3. body image foods: makanan yang dipercaya dapat mempengaruhi kesehatan, kecantikan dan kesejahteraan;

4. sympathetic magic foods: makanan yang memiliki kesamaan dari segi bentuk dan warna;

5. physiologic group foods: makanan yang tidak boleh dikonsumsi bagi kelompok tertentu misalnya gender, usia atau kondisi kesehatan.

Kategorisasi ini memudahkan para peneliti mengidentifikasi dan memahami kebiasaan makan dari berbagai kebudayaan, termasuk soal berikut:

1. frekuensi konsumsi makanan yang digambarkan melalui model makanan utama dan pelengkap;

2. tradisi budaya dalam mempersiapkan makanan berdasarkan perayaan tertentu;

3. makanan harian, mingguan, dan tahunan dalam pola makan serta siklus makan;

4. perubahan dari fungsi-fungsi makanan yang disebabkan oleh perkembangan budaya, diprediksi dari perubahan pandangan tentang budaya makan.

Makanan yang paling sering dikonsumsi diantaranya: nasi, gandum, jagung, dan sayuran. Sedangkan makanan yang luas penyebarannya namun dikonsumsi dengan frekuensi tertentu seminggu sekali ialah: ayam, selada dan apel. Sedangkan makanan yang dikonsumsi sekali-sekali disebut peripheral foods. Sifatnya pilihan pribadi, bukan kebiasaan budaya secara berkelompok. Pada banyak budaya, terutama pada masyarakat agraris, makanan utama disajikan dengan makanan pelengkap untuk menyeimbangkan kadar nutrisi antara makanan utama dan makanan pelengkap. Nasi, roti dan pasta disajikan dengan sayuran atau tomat. Di Cina, nasi dipadukan dengan sayuran, di Itali mie dipadukan dengan saus tomat (spaghetti), di Meksiko tortilla dengan salsa. Padu padan makanan memang bersifat membudaya pada jenis makanan utama dan lauk. Bagaimana denganmu?

Sumber:

Kittler, Pamela Goyan and Kathryn Sucher. 2008. Food and culture. Belmont: Thomson Wadsworth.

Lihat juga: Loewy, Table 8, dim sum

Nasi Ayam Hainan

Nasi ayam Hainan merupakan masakan Tionghoa yang sering dikaitkan dengan masakan Malaysia atau Singapura, dan juga ditemui di negara berjiran Thailand, serta juga di wilayah Hainan, China. Nasi ayam Hainan yang dinamakan sedemikian karena asal-usulnya dalam makanan Hainan dan pengamalannya oleh populasi orang Tionghoa perantauan bersuku Hainan dalam kawasan Nanyang, versi makanan ini yang didapati di Malaysia/Singapura menggabungkan unsur-unsur masakan Hainan dan Kantonis ditambah lagi dengan citarasa masakan di Asia Tenggara.
sumber: wikipedia
lihat Juga: dim sum, dan Laguna

The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)

The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) is an international agricultural research center founded in the early 1970s to improve the understanding of national agricultural and food policies to promote the adoption of innovations in agricultural technology. Additionally, IFPRI was meant to shed more light on the role of agricultural and rural development in the broader development pathway of a country.According to its website, the IFPRI "seeks sustainable solutions for ending hunger and poverty."

The IFPRI is part of a network of international research institutes funded in part by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), which in turn is funded by governments, private businesses and foundations, and the World Bank.

Scope

IFPRI carries out food policy research and disseminates it through hundreds of publications, bulletins, conferences, and other initiatives. IFPRI was organized as a District of Columbia non-profit, non-stock corporation on March 5, 1975 and its first research bulletin was produced in February 1976. IFPRI has offices in several developing countries, including China, Ethiopia, and India, and has research staff working in many more countries around the world.

Research Areas

IFPRI’s institutional strategy rests on three pillars: research, capacity strengthening, and policy communication.

Research topics have included low crop and animal productivity, and environmental degradation, water management, fragile lands, property rights, collective action, sustainable intensification of agricultural production, the impact of climate change on poor farmers, the problems and opportunities of biotechnology,food security, micronutrient malnutrition, microfinance programs, urban food security, gender and development, and resource allocation within households.

IFPRI also analyzes agricultural market reforms, trade policy, World Trade Organization negotiations in the context of agriculture, institutional effectiveness, crop and income diversification, postharvest activity, and agroindustry.

The institute is involved in measuring the Millennium Development Goals project and supports governments in the formulation and implementation of development strategies.

Further work includes research on agricultural innovation systems and the role of capacity strengthening in agricultural development.

Products and Publications

IFPRI targets its policy and research products to many audiences, including developing-country policymakers, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and civil-society organizations, "opinion leaders", donors, advisers, and media.

Publications by IFPRI include books, research reports, but also newsletters, briefs, and fact sheets. It is also involved in the collection of primary data and the compilation and processing of secondary data.

In 1993 IFPRI introduced the 2020 Vision Initiative, which aims at coordinating and supporting a debate among national governments, nongovernmental organizations, the private sector, international development institutions, and other elements of civil society to reach food security for all by 2020.

As of 2006 IFPRI produces the (GHI) yearly measuring the progress and failure of individual countries and regions in the fight against hunger. The GHI is a collaboration of IFPRI, the Welthungerhilfe, and Concern Worldwide.

IFPRI has produced the related Hunger Index for the States of India (ISHI) (2008) and the Sub-National Hunger Index for Ethiopia (2009).

Organizational structure

IFPRI is made up of the Office of the Director General, a Communications Division and the Finance and Administration Division, and 5 research divisions:

• Development Strategy and Governance

• Environment and Production Technology

• Poverty, Health, and Nutrition

• Knowledge, Capacity, and Innovation

• Markets, Trade, and Institutions

IFPRI hosts several research networks:

• The (ASTI)

• The CGIAR Systemwide Program on Collective Action and Property Rights (CAPRi)

• Harvest Plus

• HarvestChoice

Impact

The evaluation of policy-oriented research poses a lot of challenges including the difficulty to quantify the impact of knowledge and ideas in terms of reduced poverty and or increased income or the attribution of a change in these numbers to a specific study or research project.

Despite these challenges, studies find that IFPRI research had spill-over effects for specific country-level research, but also in setting the global policy agenda, for example in the areas biodiversity (influencing the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources) and trade (with respect to the Doha Development Round of trade negotiations).

Another example of IFPRI's impact on policy formulation was the 2007–2008 world food price crisis. IFPRI was able to quickly pull together relevant research and its resulting recommendation where included in the United Nations’ Comprehensive Framework for Action on food security.

Criticism

CGIAR and its agencies, including the IFPRI have been criticized for their connections to Western governments and multinational agribusiness, although its research publications have also been cited by critics of agribusiness and Genetically Modified Organisms in agriculture. IFPRI describes itself as "neither an advocate nor an opponent of genetically modified crops."

Source: www.wikipedia.com

See Also: seafood, dim sum, wine

Sukiyaki

Sukiyaki (すき焼き, スキヤキ ?) adalah irisan tipis daging sapi, sayur-sayuran, dan tahu di dalam panci besi yang dimasak di atas meja makan dengan cara direbus. Sukiyaki dimakan dengan mencelup irisan daging ke dalam kocokan telur ayam.

Sayur-sayuran untuk Sukiyaki misalnya bawang bombay, daun bawang, sawi putih, shungiku (nama daun dari pohon keluarga seruni), jamur shiitake, dan jamur enoki. Sebagai pelengkap ditambahkan ito konnyaku atau shirataki yang berbentuk seperti soun berwarna bening atau sedikit abu-abu.

Sukiyaki memiliki dua versi, Sukiyaki versi daerah Kansai dan Sukiyaki versi daerah Kanto yang berbeda cara penyajian, jenis bumbu dan rasa.

Menurut Sukiyaki versi Kansai, Sukiyaki hanya dimasak dengan bumbu kecap asin dan gula pasir, sedangkan Sukiyaki versi Kanto dimasak menggunakan saus Warishita yang merupakan campuran dashi, kecap asin, gula pasir, dan mirin yang dimasak terlebih dulu.

Menurut cara Kansai, potongan lemak sapi dicairkan di dalam panci sebelum memasukkan irisan daging sapi. Bumbu berupa gula pasir dan kecap asin dituangkan sekaligus dalam jumlah banyak di atas daging yang sudah matang lalu diaduk-aduk dengan sayur-sayuran hingga matang. Menurut cara Kanto, bumbu warishita dididihkan dulu di dalam panci sebelum semua bahan dimasukkan.
sumber: wikipedia
lihat juga: wine, soto, restaurant